In the Following Study, Participants Were Randomly Assigned to Receive

question 62

Essay

In the following study, participants were randomly assigned to receive humanistic therapy, psychodynamic therapy, or behavioral therapy for their depression. Six months after therapy ended, participants' levels of depression were rated on a Likert scale from 1 (not at all depressed) to 15 (extremely depressed).
$\begin{array}{lcccc}{\text { GROUP }} & \text { N } & \text { MEAN } & \text { STD DEV } & \text { STD ERROR } \\\text { 1 (humanistic) } & 10 & 5.40 & 2.17 & 0.69 \\\text { 2 (psychodynamic) } & 10 & 7.50 & 2.84 & 0.90 \\\text { 3 (behavioral) } & 10 & 5.60 & 3.13 & 0.99\end{array}$


ONEWAY ANOVA: THERAPY bY DEPRESSION
$\begin{array} { l c c c c c } & \text { SUM OF } & & \text { MEAN } & & \\ \text { SOURCE } & \text { SQUARES } & \text { DF } & \text { SQUARES } & \text { F RATIO } & \text { PROB. } \\ & & & & & \\ \text { BETWEEN GROUPS } & 26.87 & 2 & 13.73 & 1.78 & .187 \\ \text { WTHIN GROUPS } & 203.30 & 27 & 7.53 & & \\ \text { TOTAL } & 230.17 & 29 & & & \end{array}$

POST HOC TEST: Tukey-HSD with significance level .05
* Indicates significant differences shown for pairings

$\begin{array}{lll}G & G & G \\r & r & r \\p & p & p \\1 & 2 & 3\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}\text { Mean}& \text { THERAPY }\\5.40 & \text { Grp 1 } \\7.50 & \text { Grp 2 } \\5.60 & \text { Grp 3 }\end{array}$

-Is this a two-group design or a multiple-group design? How do you know?

Examine defences to breach of contract, including impossibility and personal satisfaction.

Understand the concept of substantial performance and its applicability.

Comprehend how specific performance and liquidated damages provisions operate within contracts.

Recognize conditions precedent and subsequent in contract terms.

---

Definitions:

Economies of Scale

Cost advantages that enterprises obtain due to their scale of operation, with cost per unit of output generally decreasing with increasing scale as fixed costs are spread out over more units of output.

Inverted U-Theory

A hypothesis that suggests a relationship between any given variable and a factor of interest initially increases, reaches an optimal level, then declines.

R&D Expenditures

Refers to spending on research and development activities by governments, businesses, or other organizations to innovate or improve products and services.

Economies of Scale

The economic benefits companies achieve through expanding their scale of activity, as the cost for every unit of output falls with the growth in scale.