Which of the Following Threats to External Validity Is the Most

question 65

Multiple Choice

Which of the following threats to external validity is the most difficult to deal with as a researcher?

• A) Multiple-treatment interference
• B) Reactive arrangements
• C) Demand characteristics
• D) Participant-related threats

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Definitions:

Abstract Thinking

The ability to think about objects, principles, and ideas that are not physically present.

Hypothetical Propositions

Statements or assertions that propose a possibility or theoretical scenario for the sake of argument.

Concrete Operational

The concrete operational stage is a phase in Piaget's theory of cognitive development where children between about 7 and 12 years old develop logical thinking but still struggle with abstract concepts.

Mathematical Transformations

Mathematical transformations involve the application of specific mathematical operations to alter a function or equation's form while preserving inherent relationships.