Evidence That the Development of Cancer Is a Multistep Process

question 37

Multiple Choice

Evidence that the development of cancer is a multistep process includes the:

• A) observation that certain tumor-suppressor genes and oncogenes are involved in a sequential manner in the development of colon cancer
• B) fact that proto-oncogenes are widely conserved in evolution
• C) usual occurrence of retinoblastoma at a young age
• D) development of a cancer as a result of activation of a single oncogene by any of a variety of mechanisms
• E) fact that there are many genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that lead to inactivation of the same tumor-suppressor gene

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Definitions:

Vertex

The top of the head, the crown.

Flexible Sigmoidoscope

A scope used for a flexible sigmoidoscopy exam to evaluate the lower part of the large intestine (colon).

Lavage

The washing out of a cavity.

Evacuant

pertains to a substance or method used to empty an organ or part, particularly the bowels.