Jack and Jill's Son Jake Has a Severe Case of Myclonic

question 7

Multiple Choice

Jack and Jill's son Jake has a severe case of myclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fiber (MERRF) syndrome. His case includes frequent and disabling myclonic seizures (involuntary twitching of the muscles) along with hearing loss, exercise intolerance, and poor night vision. Like most cases of MERRF, his case is associated with a mitochondrial mutation that he inherited from his mother Jill. His mother doesn't know that she harbors the MERRF mutation among her mtDNA molecules, but she has experienced occasional mild muscle twitching throughout her life and she does not see very well at night. What is/are the MOST likely explanation(s) for the difference in the severity of MERRF between Jake and his mother? (Select all that apply.)

• A) Heteroplasmy for mtDNA molecules in the cells of his mother is responsible.
• B) Some random mutations took place in Jack's mitochondria, which caused MERFF syndrome as his mother does not have full symptoms.
• C) It is likely that Jake has a higher proportion of mutant mtDNA molecules in his cells compared to his mother.
• D) The expression pattern of the mutant gene may be different in males than in females.

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Definitions:

Psychological Elder Abuse

A form of elder mistreatment involving emotional or mental harm inflicted on an older person, often manifesting through manipulation, neglect, or verbal assault.

Physical Elder Abuse

Occurs when someone hits or handles a person roughly, even if there is no injury.

Elder Neglect

Occurs when a person fails to provide an older person with the necessities of life, such as food, clothing, shelter, medical attention, personal care, and required supervision.

Sexual Elder Abuse

Occurs when an older adult is forced to engage in sexual activity; this may include verbal suggestive behaviour, sexual touching, sex without consent, or not respecting a person’s privacy.