Middle Managers May Not Be Formally Involved in Making Strategy

question 26

Multiple Choice

Middle managers may not be formally involved in making strategy. In which three ways may they have an informal influence?

• A) By having access to organisational networks
• B) By aiming for promotion to senior positions in future
• C) By holding key organisational positions
• D) Through discussion with front line managers
• E) By having access to the organisation's 'strategic conversation'

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Definitions:

Avoidance Conditioning

A learning process through which a subject learns to avoid an unpleasant or harmful stimulus by engaging in particular behaviors.

Passive Avoidance

A learning process in which an individual learns to avoid a stimulus or situation after experiencing or anticipating an unpleasant outcome.

Two-Way Avoidance

A learning process in which an animal or human learns to avoid a negative stimulus by performing a particular behavior.

Unpleasant Situation

A scenario or condition that is not enjoyable or is likely to cause discomfort, distress, or dissatisfaction.