The Primary Reason Why Neurons Are Refractory for a Short

question 44

Multiple Choice

The primary reason why neurons are refractory for a short period after firing action potentials, and the reason underlying the absolute refractory period, is that the

• A)voltage-gated sodium channels are inactivated.
• B)voltage-gated potassium channels are inactivated.
• C)sodium-potassium pump has to remove sodium ions from inside the cell.
• D)sodium-potassium pump has to retrieve potassium ions from outside the cell.

Differentiate between fast and slow pain pathways and their respective fibers (A-delta and C fibers).

Recognize the effects of opiates and the body’s natural painkillers (endorphins) on the pain system.

Explain the phenomenon of phantom limb pain and its possible causes.

Understand the concept and implications of gate-control theory in pain perception.

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Definitions:

Interest Expense

The cost incurred by an entity for borrowed funds, reported on the income statement as part of operating expenses if related to core operations, or as non-operating expenses if it is not.

Bonds Outstanding Method

A technique used to calculate the total amount of bonds that are currently issued and not yet redeemed or paid off by the issuer.

Note Receivable

A written promise for amounts to be received by a business, typically including interest, from another party.

Impaired Value

The condition in which the market value of an asset is less than its carrying value on the balance sheet.