A covariate is a independent variable used in . 
Definitions:
Penny Stock Reform Act
U.S. legislation aimed at increasing the transparency and regulate the trading practices of low-priced, speculative stocks, often known as "penny stocks."
Cease and Desist
An order issued by a court or a government agency to stop suspicious or illegal activities.
Dodd-Frank Act
U.S. federal law enacted in 2010 aimed at reducing risks in the financial system by increasing transparency and oversight.
Annual Proxy Statements
Documents that publicly traded companies must provide to shareholders annually, containing detailed information about the company's performance and management, proposals for voting, and executive compensation.
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