The Glass Ceiling Effect

question 14

Multiple Choice

The glass ceiling effect:

• A) refers to men finding it difficult to attain top leadership positions.
• B) can affect only females if gender stereotypes are inconsistent with the organisation's norms.
• C) is a common practice to gender differences in high-powered leadership positions.
• D) prevents women and minorities from gaining top leadership positions.

---

Definitions:

Test Validation

The process of ensuring that a test accurately measures what it is intended to measure.

Content Validity

Refers to the extent to which a test measures all aspects of a given construct or domain of interest accurately.

Construct Validity

Construct validity refers to the extent to which a test or instrument measures the theoretical construct it is intended to measure.

Differential Validity

Differential validity is the extent to which a test predicts outcomes differently for distinct groups, often analyzed to assess fairness across demographics.