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Assume that you grew a culture of E. coli for many generations in medium containing 15N (from the ammonium ion), a heavy isotope of nitrogen. You extract DNA from a portion of the culture and determine its density to be 1.723 gm/cm3 (call this sample
A). You then wash the remaining E. coli cells, grow them for one generation in 14N,
and extract the DNA from a portion of the culture (call this sample
B). You let the
culture grow for one more generation in 14N and extract the DNA (call this sample
C) is then subjected to ultracentrifugation. Present the centrifugation profiles that you would expect under (a) semiconservative replication
and (b) conservative replication. (Note: Assume that unlabeled [14N] DNA has a density of 1.700 gm/cm3.)
C). Each sample of DNA (A, B, and
Corporate Bureaucracy
The administrative system governing any large institution or organization, characterized by a hierarchy of authority, rigid division of labor, and strict regulations and procedures.
Average Fixed Cost
The fixed costs of production divided by the quantity of output produced, showing the cost of each product unit excluding variable costs.
Average Variable Cost
The cost a company incurs for each unit of output, which changes with the level of production, excluding fixed costs.
ATC
Abbreviation for “Average Total Cost,” reflecting the total cost of production divided by the number of goods produced, in economic terms.
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