Suppose That Data Are Assembled on (1) Research and Development

question 4

Multiple Choice

Suppose that data are assembled on (1) research and development expenditures as a fraction of industry costs across U.S. industries (ranked from highest to lowest) , and (2) the export success of U.S. industries (ranked from highest to lowest) . If the "product cycle theory" is useful as an explanation for the pattern of U.S. exports, then an analyst would expect that statistical association (rank correlation coefficient) between these two series of data would be

• A) positive.
• B) zero.
• C) negative
• D) positive, zero, or negative - cannot be determined without more information.

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Definitions:

Essentialism

Is a school of thought that sees gender differences as a reflection of biological differences between women and men.

Social Constructionism

A theory that suggests knowledge, meaning, and reality are constructed through social interactions and cultural norms.

Theoretical Position

An individual's or group's stance or perspective based on a set of theories in a particular field of study.

Negative Sanctions

Punishments or penalties imposed on individuals or groups to discourage noncompliance with norms, laws, or regulations.