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In order to determine the p-value,which of the following is not needed?
Antibodies
Protein substances produced in response to a specific invader or antigen, marking it for destruction and thus creating immunity to that invader.
Immunity
A response to foreign microorganisms that occurs with repeated exposure and results in resistance to a disease.
Memory Lymphocytes
Immune cells that remember a previous encounter with an antigen, enabling a faster and more efficient immune response upon re-exposure.
Antigens
Substances that provoke the immune system to produce antibodies.
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