When a Change in the Dependent Variable Could Be Due

question 47

Multiple Choice

When a change in the dependent variable could be due to the participant's expectation that change will occur, __________ is a threat to internal validity.

• A)diffusion of treatments
• B)instrumentation
• C)placebo effect
• D)demand characteristics

Understand the role of incentives in shaping economic agents' decisions.

Understand the concept of market equilibrium in a lemon market.

Identify the role of information asymmetry in market transactions.

Distinguish between the willingness to sell and the willingness to buy in market dynamics.

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Definitions:

Vroom-Yetton-Jago Normative Decision Model

A framework that helps leaders determine the level of involvement of subordinates in the decision-making process.

Authoritative

A leadership or management style characterized by the direct giving of orders and expectations, often without significant input from subordinates.

Consultive Styles

Approaches to leadership and decision-making where input, advice, and feedback from others are sought to make informed decisions.

Transformational Leaders

Leaders who inspire followers to exceed their own interests for the greater good, by providing vision, encouragement, and intellectual stimulation.