The Difference Between Vertical and Horizontal Transmission of Plant Viruses

question 3

Multiple Choice

The difference between vertical and horizontal transmission of plant viruses is that vertical transmission is ________.

• A) transmission of a virus from a parent plant to its progeny, and horizontal transmission is one plant spreading the virus to another plant
• B) the spread of viruses from upper leaves to lower leaves of the plant, and horizontal transmission is the spread of a virus among leaves at the same general level
• C) the spread of viruses from trees and tall plants to bushes and other smaller plants, and horizontal transmission is the spread of viruses among plants of similar size
• D) the transfer of DNA from a plant of one species to a plant of a different species, and horizontal transmission is the spread of viruses among plants of the same species

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Definitions:

Stoicism

A classical Greek philosophy advocating for the cultivation of self-discipline and resilience to conquer harmful feelings.

Stoicism

An old Greek philosophical method focusing on building self-restraint and courage to defeat negative emotions.

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A period and civilization in history that spanned from around the 8th century BC to the end of antiquity (c. 600 AD), known for its rich culture, contributions to arts, philosophy, politics, and the foundation of Western civilization.

Ayn Rand

A Russian-American writer and philosopher known for developing a philosophical system called Objectivism.