The Following Question Refers to the Figure

question 63

Multiple Choice

The following question refers to the figure.
In this eight-year experiment, 12 populations of E. coli, each begun from a single cell, were grown in low-glucose conditions for 20,000 generations. Each culture was introduced to fresh growth medium every 24 hours. Occasionally, samples were removed from the populations, and their fitness in low-glucose conditions was tested against that of members sampled from the ancestral (common ancestor) E. coli population.

Compare the bacteria in the figure above in generation 1 and generation 20,000. The bacteria in generation 1 have a greater ________.

• A) efficiency at exporting glucose from the cell to the environment
• B) ability to survive on simple sugars, other than glucose
• C) ability to synthesize glucose from amino acid precursors
• D) reliance on glycolytic enzymes

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Definitions:

Excess Reserves

Excess Reserves are the reserves that banks hold over and above the legal or required minimum they need to keep against deposits.

Open Market Purchase

A monetary policy operation where a central bank buys government securities from the market in order to inject liquidity and encourage lending and investment.

Required Reserve Ratios

Regulatory requirements determining the minimum fraction of customer deposits that commercial banks must hold as reserves, rather than loan out.

Discount Rate

Discount Rate is the interest rate charged by central banks on loans they offer to commercial banks or the rate used to discount future cash flows to their present value.