Scientific Views Are Based on Evidence Rather Than an Appeal

question 13

Multiple Choice

Scientific views are based on evidence rather than an appeal to authority. Which of the following statements demonstrates a conclusion based on an appeal to authority?

• A) We conclude that lungs evolved before swim bladders because a study of branching patterns show that some of the oldest lineages of Osteichthyes have lungs.
• B) We conclude that lungs evolved before swim bladders because Darwin wrote that swim bladders evolved before lungs in The Origin of Species.
• C) We conclude that lungs evolved before swim bladders because the oldest osteichthyan fossils show lungs arising before swim bladders.
• D) We conclude that lungs evolved before swim bladders because Hox genes direct the evolution of swim bladders but not of lungs.

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Definitions:

Realistic Optimists

Individuals who maintain a positive outlook on life while still being grounded in a realistic understanding of their situation or the world around them.

Exhaustion Phase

The final stage of the general adaptation syndrome, characterized by the body's depletion of resources after prolonged exposure to stress.

General Adaptation Syndrome

A three-stage response (alarm, resistance, exhaustion) that the body goes through when exposed to chronic stress.

Emotion Work

Emotion work is the process of managing one's own feelings and expressions to fulfill the emotional requirements of a job or personal roles, often involving regulating or changing one's emotional expressions.