A New York Times Article Published on April 24, 2007

question 144

Multiple Choice

A New York Times article published on April 24, 2007, reported the research of Dr.Vallortigara, a neuroscientist at the University of Trieste, Italy.In this study, Dr.Vallortigara assessed whether a dog's tail wags in a preferred direction in response to positive as opposed to negative stimuli.First Dr.Vallortigara recruited 30 dogs that were family pets.While filming a dog's tail from above, he allowed the dog to view (through a slot in its cage) its owner, an unfamiliar human, a cat, and an unfamiliar dominant dog.The study found that dogs' tails wagged to the right for the owner and to the left for the unfamiliar dominant dog.What type of research design did Dr.Vallortigara employ?

• A) between-groups
• B) within-groups
• C) non-experimental
• D) quasi-experimental

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Definitions:

Sales Variance

Sales variance is the difference between actual sales and budgeted or planned sales, used to assess performance.

Variable Costs

Costs that vary directly with the level of production or business activity.

Fixed Costs

Fixed costs are business expenses that remain constant regardless of the level of production or sales, such as rent, salaries, or insurance premiums.

Sales Volumes

The quantity or number of products sold or services rendered in a particular period of time.