The Results of a Recent Study Regarding Smoking and Three

question 15

Essay

The results of a recent study regarding smoking and three types of illness are shown in the following table.
$$\begin{array} { l r r r } \text { Illness } & \text { Nom-Smokers } & \text { Smokers } & \text { Totals } \\\text { Emphysema } & 20 & 60 & 80 \\\text { Heart problem } & 70 & 80 & 150 \\\text { Cancer } & 30 & 40 & 70 \\\text { Totals } & 120 & 180 & 300\end{array}$$ We are interested in determining whether or not illness is independent of smoking.
a. State the null and alternative hypotheses to be tested.
b. Show the contingency table of the expected frequencies.
c. Compute the test statistic.
d. The null hypothesis is to be tested at 95% confidence. Determine the critical value for this test. What do you conclude?
e. Determine the p-value and perform the test.

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Definitions:

Slower Neural Processing

A reduced speed in the cognitive processing of information by the nervous system.

Cardiac Output

The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, a critical measure of heart function and overall cardiovascular health.

Physical Abilities

The physical capacities that an individual possesses, such as strength, flexibility, and endurance.

Muscular Strength

The maximum amount of force that a muscle or group of muscles can exert against some form of resistance in a single effort.