How the Microsoft Case Could Define Antitrust Law in the “New

question 19

Essay

How the Microsoft Case Could Define Antitrust Law in the “New Economy”

The Microsoft case was about more than just the software giant’s misbehavior. Antitrust law was also on trial. When the Justice Department sued Microsoft in 1998, it argued that the century old Sherman Antitrust Act could be applied to police high tech monopolies. This now looks doubtful. As the digital economy evolves, it is likely to be full of natural monopolies (i.e., those in which only one producer can survive, in hardware, software, and communications), since consumers are motivated to prefer products compatible with ubiquitous standards. Under such circumstances, monopolies emerge. Companies whose products set the standards will be able to bundle other products with their primary offering, just like Microsoft has done with its operating system. What type of software can and cannot be bundled continues to be a thorny issue for antitrust policy.

Although the proposed remedy did not stand on appeal, the Microsoft case had precedent value because of the perceived importance of innovation in the information-based, technology-driven “new economy.” This case illustrates how “trust busters” are increasingly viewing innovation as a central issue in enforcement policy. Regulators increasingly are seeking to determine whether proposed business combinations either promote or impede innovation.

Because of the accelerating pace of new technology, government is less likely to want to be involved in imposing remedies that seek to limit anticompetitive behaviors by requiring the government to monitor continuously a firm’s performance to a consent decree. In fact, the government’s frustration with the ineffectiveness of sanctions imposed on Microsoft in the early 1990s may have been a contributing factor in their proposal to divide the firm.

Antitrust watchdogs are likely to pay more attention in the future to the impact of proposed mergers or acquisitions on start-ups, which are viewed as major contributors to innovation. In some instances, business combinations among competitors may be disallowed if they are believed to be simply an effort to slow the rate of innovation. The challenge for regulators will be to recognize when cooperation or mergers among competitors may provide additional incentives for innovation through a sharing of risk and resources. However, until the effects on innovation of a firm’s actions or a proposed merger can be more readily measured, decisions by regulators may appear to be more arbitrary than well reasoned.

The economics of innovation are at best ill-defined. Innovation cycles are difficult to determine and may run as long as several decades between the gestation of an idea and its actual implementation. Consequently, if it is to foster innovation, antitrust policy will have to attempt to anticipate technologies, markets, and competitors that do not currently exist to determine which proposed business combinations should be allowed and which firms with substantial market positions should be broken up.
-Comment on whether antitrust policy can be used as an effective means of encouraging innovation.

Apply regression techniques to calculate linear trend lines for various datasets.

Identify and calculate the long-term trend in time series using appropriate analysis.

Measure and interpret seasonal variations in time series data.

Understand and forecast using regression models with indicator variables.

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Definitions:

Aerobic Bacteria

Bacteria that require oxygen for their growth and survival, using it to produce energy through cellular respiration.

ATP Production

The process by which cells generate adenosine triphosphate, a molecule that stores and transports chemical energy within cells.

Cellular Respiration

The metabolic process by which cells produce energy in the form of ATP from glucose, typically occurring in the presence of oxygen.

Substrate

A substance or surface on which an enzyme acts or where a chemical reaction occurs.