$$\text { TABLE 11-1 }$$ Psychologists Have Found That People Are Generally Reluctant to Transmit

question 160

Multiple Choice

$$\text { TABLE 11-1 }$$ Psychologists have found that people are generally reluctant to transmit bad news to their peers. This phenomenon has been termed the "MUM effect." To investigate the cause of the MUM effect, 40 undergraduates at Duke University participated in an experiment. Each subject was asked to administer an IQ test to another student and then provide the test taker with his or her percentile score. Unknown to the subject, the test taker was a bogus student who was working with the researchers. The experimenters manipulated two factors: subject visibility and success of test taker, each at two levels. Subject visibility was either visible or not visible to the test taker. Success of the test taker was either top 20% or bottom 20%. Ten subjects were randomly assigned to each of the 2 x 2 = 4 experimental conditions, then the time (in seconds) between the end of the test and the delivery of the percentile score from the subject to the test taker was measured. (This variable is called the latency to feedback.) The data were subjected to appropriate analyses with the following results.
$\begin{array}{lrrrrr}\text { Source } & d f &{S S} & \text { MS } & F & P R>F \\\hline \text { Subject visibility } & 1 & 1380.24 & 1380.24 & 4.26 & 0.043 \\\text { Test taker success } & 1 & 1325.16 & 1325.16 & 4.09 & 0.050 \\\text { Interaction } & 1 & 3385.80 & 3385.80 & 10.45 & 0.002 \\\text { Error } & 36 & 11,664.00 & 324.00 & & \\\text { Total } & 39 & 17,755.20 & & &\end{array}$

-Referring to Table 11-1, at the 0.01 level, what conclusions can you draw from the analysis?

• A) At the 0.01 level, there is evidence to indicate that subject visibility and test taker success interact.
• B) At the 0.01 level, subject visibility and test taker success are significant predictors of latency feedback.
• C) At the 0.01 level, the model is not useful for predicting latency to feedback.
• D) At the 0.01 level, there is no evidence of interaction between subject visibility and test taker success.

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Definitions:

Holographic

Relates to a will or other document written entirely in the handwriting of the person whose signature it bears.

Handwriting

The individual manner in which a person writes with a pen or pencil, producing characters and symbols on a surface, often analyzed in legal documents for authentication.

Irrevocable

Not able to be changed, reversed, or recovered; final and unalterable.

Renunciation

The act of formally or officially giving up a right, position, or responsibility, often in a legal or ceremonial context.