The Difference Between the Observed Value of the Dependent Variable

question 21

Multiple Choice

The difference between the observed value of the dependent variable and the value predicted using the estimated regression equation is known as the

• A)constant term.
• B)error term.
• C)residual.
• D)model parameter.

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Definitions:

Unconditioned Stimulus

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any prior learning.

Secondary Reinforcer

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a conditioned reinforcer.

Discriminative Stimulus

A stimulus in the presence of which a particular response is reinforced, guiding the organism to respond accordingly.

Salivary Conditioning

A classical conditioning process where an automatic, instinctive response becomes associated with a new stimulus through repeated exposure.