Given the Argument: S ⊃ (K ∨ ∼ S)

question 347

Multiple Choice

Given the argument: S ⊃ (K ∨ ∼ S) / K ⊃ S // S ≡ K
This argument is:

• A) Invalid; fails in 3^rd line.
• B) Invalid; fails in 2^nd line.
• C) Invalid; fails in 1^st line.
• D) Invalid; fails in 4^th line.
• E) Valid.

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Definitions:

Developing Countries

Nations with lower levels of industrialization, underdeveloped economic infrastructure, and lower living standards.

Low-Income Countries

Nations with a gross national income (GNI) per capita below a specific threshold set by international organizations.

Middle-Income Countries

Nations with a gross national income (GNI) per capita that falls between low-income and high-income thresholds defined by international financial institutions.

Infant Mortality Rate

A statistical measure representing the number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births in a given year.