PART a
If Allergies Are Caused by Viruses, Then

question 359

Essay

PART A
If allergies are caused by viruses, then a vaccine can be developed. Thus, a vaccine cannot be developed, because allergies are not caused by viruses.
The form of this argument is: a. $\begin{array}{l}\text { All } A \text { are } V \text {. } \\\text { No } A \text { are } D \text {. } \\\hline\text { No } V \text { are } D \text {. }\end{array}$$\quad$ b. $\begin{array} { l } \text {If \( A \) then \( V \). }\\ \text { {Not} V}\\ \hline\text { {Not} A}\\\end{array}$$\quad$ c. $\begin{array} { l } \text {{Not} V }\\ \text { {Not} A}\\ \hline\text {If \( A \) then \( V \). }\\\end{array}$

d. $\begin{array} { l } \text {If \( A \) then \( V \). }\\ \text {{Not} A }\\ \text { {Not} V}\\\end{array}$$\quad$ e. $\begin{array} { l } \text {If \( \mathrm{A} \) are \( \mathrm{C} \) then \( \mathrm{V} \operatorname{can} \mathrm{D} \). }\\ \text { \( A \) are not C.}\\ \text {\( V \) cannot \( D \). }\\\end{array}$ PART B
Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid?
A) A = cats, C = animals, V = dogs, D = climb trees.
B) A = Napoleon was killed in a plane crash. V = Napoleon is dead.
C) A = Robert was assassinated, V = Robert is dead.
D) A = cats, V = animals, D = mammals.
E) A = Shakespeare suffered a heart attack, V = Shakespeare is dead.

• A) A = cats, C = animals, V = dogs, D = climb trees.
• B) A = Napoleon was killed in a plane crash. V = Napoleon is dead.
• C) A = Robert was assassinated, V = Robert is dead.
• D) A = cats, V = animals, D = mammals.
• E) A = Shakespeare suffered a heart attack, V = Shakespeare is dead.

---

Definitions:

Unqualified Endorsements

Signatures on a negotiable instrument without any limiting conditions, which transfer full control of the instrument to another party.

Types

Refers to the various categories or distinct forms that objects, concepts, or persons can be classified into.

Blank

An empty space or a document section left unfilled or unspecified.

Drawee

The party, often a bank, that is directed to pay the sum specified in a check or draft.