PART a No Symbols of Equality Are Threats to Civil $\begin{array} { l } \text {\text { No S are } T }\\ \text {\text { No G are } T }\\ \hline\text {\text { No G are } S }\\\end{array}$

question 396

Essay

PART A No symbols of equality are threats to civil order, for no gay marriages are threats to civil order, and all gay marriages are symbols of equality.
Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument? a. $\begin{array} { l } \text {\text { No S are } T }\\ \text {\text { No G are } T }\\ \hline\text {\text { No G are } S }\\\end{array}$$\quad$ b. $\begin{array} { l } \text {No \( G \) are \( T \). }\\ \text {All \( \mathrm{G} \) are \( \mathrm{S} \). }\\ \hline\text { No \( \mathrm{S} \) are \( \mathrm{T} \).}\\\end{array}$$\quad$ c. $\begin{array} { l } \text {All G are \( \mathrm{S} \). }\\ \text { No \( \mathrm{S} \) are \( \mathrm{T} \).}\\ \hline\text {No G are \( \mathrm{T} \). }\\\end{array}$

d. $\begin{array} { l } \text {If \( \mathrm{G} \) then \( \mathrm{T} \). }\\ \text {If \( \mathrm{G} \) then \( \mathrm{S} \). }\\ \text { If \( \mathrm{S} \) then \( \mathrm{T} \).}\\\end{array}$$\quad$ e. $\begin{array} { l } \text {All \( \mathrm{S} \) are \( \mathrm{G} \). }\\ \text { No G are \( T \). }\\ \text { No \( \mathrm{S} \) are \( \mathrm{T} \). }\\\end{array}$ PART B
Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid?
A) S = mammals, T = fish, G = dogs.
B) S = cats, T = fish, G = mammals.
C) G = cats, S= mammals, T = fish.
D) T = humble spirits, S = adventurous characters, G = creative individuals.
E) G = dogs, T = cats, S = animals.

• A) S = mammals, T = fish, G = dogs.
• B) S = cats, T = fish, G = mammals.
• C) G = cats, S= mammals, T = fish.
• D) T = humble spirits, S = adventurous characters, G = creative individuals.
• E) G = dogs, T = cats, S = animals.

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Definitions:

Stockholders' Equity

The residual interest in the assets of a corporation that remains after deducting its liabilities, representing the ownership interest of shareholders.

Debt Refunding

The process of replacing an existing debt obligation with a new one, often with more favorable terms.

Ordinary Income

Earnings derived from standard business operations and not classified as capital gains or dividend income.

Extraordinary Income

Uncommon and infrequent gains not related to the normal operations of a business.