PART a If Deficits Increase Then the Economy Will Stagnate $\begin{array} { l } \text {If \( D \) then \( E \). }\\ \text {If \( D \) then I. }\\ \hline\text { If I then E.}\\\end{array}$

question 410

Essay

PART A If deficits increase then the economy will stagnate. Thus, if deficits increase, then interest rates will rise, because if interest rates rise, then the economy will stagnate.
Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument? a. $\begin{array} { l } \text {If \( D \) then \( E \). }\\ \text {If \( D \) then I. }\\ \hline\text { If I then E.}\\\end{array}$$\quad$ b. $\begin{array} { l } \text {If \( D \) then \( \mathrm{I} \). }\\ \text { If I then \( \mathrm{E} \).}\\ \hline\text { If \( D \) then \( E \).}\\\end{array}$$\quad$ c. $\begin{array} { l } \text { If \( D \) then I.}\\ \text {If D then E. }\\ \hline\text { If I then \( E \).}\\\end{array}$

d. $\begin{array} { l } \text { If \( \mathrm{D} \) then \( \mathrm{E} \). }\\ \text { If \( E \) then I. }\\ \text {If \( D \) then \( I \). }\\\end{array}$$\quad$ e. $\begin{array} { l } \text {If \( D \) then \( E \). }\\ \text { If I then \( E \).}\\ \text { If \( D \) then I.}\\\end{array}$ PART B
Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid?
A) D = Tom Hanks is a man, E = Tom Hanks is a human, I = Tom Hanks is a woman.
B) D = dogs, I = mammals, E = animals.
C) D = Bob is a physician, E = Bob is a professional, I = Bob is a doctor.
D) D = dogs, E = animals, I = cats.
E) D = Halle Berry is an actor, E = Halle Berry is a woman, I = Halle Berry is a human.

• A) D = Tom Hanks is a man, E = Tom Hanks is a human, I = Tom Hanks is a woman.
• B) D = dogs, I = mammals, E = animals.
• C) D = Bob is a physician, E = Bob is a professional, I = Bob is a doctor.
• D) D = dogs, E = animals, I = cats.
• E) D = Halle Berry is an actor, E = Halle Berry is a woman, I = Halle Berry is a human.

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Definitions:

Detached Personality

Behaviors and attitudes associated with the neurotic trend of moving away from people, such as an intense need for privacy.

Striving For Superiority

The urge toward perfection or completion that motivates each of us.

Organismic Valuing Process

The process by which we judge experiences in terms of their value for fostering or hindering our actualization and growth.

Masculine Protest

A concept from Adlerian psychology referring to an individual's attempt to compensate for feelings of inferiority by adopting exaggerated traditionally masculine behaviors.