PART a
All Real Libraries Are Buildings Containing Books

question 326

Essay

PART A
All real libraries are buildings containing books, so some presidential libraries are not real libraries, since some buildings containing books are not presidential libraries.
The form of this argument is: a. $\begin{array} { l } \text {Some \( P \) are not \( \mathrm{R} \). }\\ \text {Some \( B \) are not \( P \). }\\ \hline\text {All R are B. }\\\end{array}$$\quad$ b. $\begin{array} { l } \text {Some \( P \) are not \( R \). }\\ \text {All R are \( \mathrm{B} \). }\\ \hline\text {Some \( B \) are not \( P \). }\\\end{array}$$\quad$ c. $\begin{array} { l } \text {Some B are not \( P \). }\\ \text { Some \( P \) are not \( R \).}\\ \hline\text { All \( \mathrm{R} \) are \( \mathrm{B} \).}\\\end{array}$

d. $\begin{array} { l } \text {All R are B. }\\ \text {Some P are not R. }\\ \text {Some B are not P. }\\\end{array}$$\quad$ e. $\begin{array} { l } \text {All R are \( \mathrm{B} \). }\\ \text {Some \( B \) are not. \( P \). }\\ \text {Some P are not R. }\\\end{array}$ PART B
Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid?
A) R = mammals, B = animals, P = cats.
B) B = mammals, P = cats, R = dogs.
C) P = animals, R = cats, B =mammals.
D) R = fish, B = animals, P = dogs.
E) B = fish, R = animals, P = cats.

• A) R = mammals, B = animals, P = cats.
• B) B = mammals, P = cats, R = dogs.
• C) P = animals, R = cats, B =mammals.
• D) R = fish, B = animals, P = dogs.
• E) B = fish, R = animals, P = cats.

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Definitions:

Incremental Moves

Small, gradual changes or advancements towards a goal, rather than large, dramatic leaps.

Organizational Flexibility

The ability of an organization to adapt to changes, restructure operations, and innovate to meet new challenges.

Complexity

Refers to the state of having multiple interconnected parts, which may make a system or process difficult to understand, predict, or manage.

Environmental Opportunities

Circumstances or factors in the external environment that a business or individual can exploit for benefit.