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Although J.S.Mill recognized that the region of mutually beneficial trade is bounded by the cost ratios of two countries, it was not until David Ricardo developed the theory of reciprocal demand that the equilibrium terms of trade could be determined.
Direct Materials
Raw materials that are directly traceable and allocable to a finished product in the manufacturing process.
Factory Overhead
All indirect costs associated with manufacturing, including costs related to operating the factory such as utilities, maintenance, and salaries of indirect labor.
Product Costs
The costs directly associated with the production of goods, including direct material, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead expenses.
Sales and Administrative Expenses
Costs related to the selling of products and the management of the company, excluding production costs.
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