Directions: These questions are based on the accompanying documents.The documents have been edited for the purpose of this exercise.
In your response you should do the following:
•State a relevant thesis that directly addresses all parts of the question.
•Support the thesis or a relevant argument with evidence from all,or all but one,of the documents.
•Incorporate analysis of all,or all but one,of the documents into your argument.
•Focus your analysis of each document on at least one of the following: intended audience,purpose,historical context,and/or point of view.
•Support your argument with analysis of historical examples outside the documents.
•Connect historical phenomena relevant to your argument to broader events or processes.
•Synthesize the elements above into a persuasive essay that extends your argument,connects it to a different historical context,or accounts for contradictory evidence on the topic.
-Evaluate to what extent Reconstruction was a failure for the newly emancipated blacks in the period from 1865 to 1877.
Document 1
Source: Walter Fleming, Documentary History of Reconstruction, 1907
Let there be White Leagues formed in every town, village, and hamlet of the South, and let us organize for the great struggle which seems inevitable. If the October elections which are to be held at the North are favorable to radicals, the time will have arrived for us to prepare for the very worst. The radicalism of the Republican Party must be met by the radicalism of white men. We have no war to make against the United States Government, but against the Republican Party our hate must be unquenchable, our war interminable [endless] and merciless. By brute force they are endeavoring to force us into acquiescence [agreement] to their hideous programme. We have submitted long enough, and it is time to meet brute-force with brute-force. Every Southern State should swarm with White Leagues, and we should stand ready to act the moment Grant signs the civil-rights bill. It will not do to wait till radicalism has fettered us to the car of social equality before we make an effort to resist it. The signing of the bill will be a declaration of war against the southern whites. It is our duty to ourselves, it is our duty to our children, it is our duty to the white race…to take the gage of battle the moment it is thrown down. …It is time for use to organize. We have been temporizing [waiting to act] long enough. Let northern radicals understand that military supervision of southern elections and the civil-rights bill mean war; that war means bloodshed….
Document 2
Source: Sharecropping Contract, 1866
…We furthermore bind ourselves that we will obey the orders of said Ross in all things in carrying out and managing said crop for said year and be docked for disobedience. All is responsible for all farming utensils that is on hand or may be placed in care of said Freedmen for the year 1866 to said Ross and are also responsible to said Ross if we carelessly, maliciously maltreat any of his stock for said year to said Ross for damages to be assessed out of our wages for said year…
Document 3
Source: Marshall Harvey Twitchell, Carpetbagger from Vermont: The Autobiography of Marshall Harvey Twitchell, 1989
...It was one of the complaints of Southern Democrats that Northern men settled in the South did not identify themselves sufficiently with the interests of the country, many of them unmarried and leasing lands, with no business except politics and governing of the country by the manipulation of the colored vote. I had married a daughter of one of the influential Southern aristocratic families, who all became my friends and supporters. In addition to this, my entire family, with wives and children and all the property which they possessed, had moved South and were engaged in building up the country.
Document 4
Source: Enforcement Act of 1870 (formally, "An Act to enforce the Right of Citizens of the United States to vote in the several States of this Union, and for other Purposes"), 41st Congress, enacted May 31, 1870, effective 1871
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That all citizens of the United States who are or shall be otherwise qualified by law to vote at any election by the people in any State, Territory, district, county, city, parish, township, school district, municipality, or other territorial subdivision, shall be entitled and allowed to vote at all such elections, without distinction of race, color, or previous condition of servitude; any constitution, law, custom, usage, or regulation of any State or Territory, or by or under its authority, to the contrary notwithstanding. ... shall, on conviction thereof, be fined not less than five hundred dollars, or be imprisoned not less than one month and not more than one year, or both, at the discretion of the court.![Directions:These questions are based on the accompanying documents.The documents have been edited for the purpose of this exercise. In your response you should do the following: •State a relevant thesis that directly addresses all parts of the question. •Support the thesis or a relevant argument with evidence from all,or all but one,of the documents. •Incorporate analysis of all,or all but one,of the documents into your argument. •Focus your analysis of each document on at least one of the following: intended audience,purpose,historical context,and/or point of view. •Support your argument with analysis of historical examples outside the documents. •Connect historical phenomena relevant to your argument to broader events or processes. •Synthesize the elements above into a persuasive essay that extends your argument,connects it to a different historical context,or accounts for contradictory evidence on the topic. -Evaluate to what extent Reconstruction was a failure for the newly emancipated blacks in the period from 1865 to 1877. Document 1 Source: Walter Fleming, Documentary History of Reconstruction, 1907 Let there be White Leagues formed in every town, village, and hamlet of the South, and let us organize for the great struggle which seems inevitable. If the October elections which are to be held at the North are favorable to radicals, the time will have arrived for us to prepare for the very worst. The radicalism of the Republican Party must be met by the radicalism of white men. We have no war to make against the United States Government, but against the Republican Party our hate must be unquenchable, our war interminable [endless] and merciless. By brute force they are endeavoring to force us into acquiescence [agreement] to their hideous programme. We have submitted long enough, and it is time to meet brute-force with brute-force. Every Southern State should swarm with White Leagues, and we should stand ready to act the moment Grant signs the civil-rights bill. It will not do to wait till radicalism has fettered us to the car of social equality before we make an effort to resist it. The signing of the bill will be a declaration of war against the southern whites. It is our duty to ourselves, it is our duty to our children, it is our duty to the white race…to take the gage of battle the moment it is thrown down. …It is time for use to organize. We have been temporizing [waiting to act] long enough. Let northern radicals understand that military supervision of southern elections and the civil-rights bill mean war; that war means bloodshed…. Document 2 Source: Sharecropping Contract, 1866 …We furthermore bind ourselves that we will obey the orders of said Ross in all things in carrying out and managing said crop for said year and be docked for disobedience. All is responsible for all farming utensils that is on hand or may be placed in care of said Freedmen for the year 1866 to said Ross and are also responsible to said Ross if we carelessly, maliciously maltreat any of his stock for said year to said Ross for damages to be assessed out of our wages for said year… Document 3 Source: Marshall Harvey Twitchell, Carpetbagger from Vermont: The Autobiography of Marshall Harvey Twitchell, 1989 ...It was one of the complaints of Southern Democrats that Northern men settled in the South did not identify themselves sufficiently with the interests of the country, many of them unmarried and leasing lands, with no business except politics and governing of the country by the manipulation of the colored vote. I had married a daughter of one of the influential Southern aristocratic families, who all became my friends and supporters. In addition to this, my entire family, with wives and children and all the property which they possessed, had moved South and were engaged in building up the country. Document 4 Source: Enforcement Act of 1870 (formally, An Act to enforce the Right of Citizens of the United States to vote in the several States of this Union, and for other Purposes ), 41st Congress, enacted May 31, 1870, effective 1871 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That all citizens of the United States who are or shall be otherwise qualified by law to vote at any election by the people in any State, Territory, district, county, city, parish, township, school district, municipality, or other territorial subdivision, shall be entitled and allowed to vote at all such elections, without distinction of race, color, or previous condition of servitude; any constitution, law, custom, usage, or regulation of any State or Territory, or by or under its authority, to the contrary notwithstanding. ... shall, on conviction thereof, be fined not less than five hundred dollars, or be imprisoned not less than one month and not more than one year, or both, at the discretion of the court. Document 6 Source: Hon. Robert B. Elliott, South Carolina, speech given to House of Representatives, January 6, 1874 …The results of war, as seen in reconstruction, have settled forever the political status of my race. The passage of this bill will determine the civil status, not only of the negro, but of any other class of citizens who may feel themselves discriminated against. It will form the cap-stone of that temple of liberty, begun on this continent under discouraging circumstances,…and the highest hopes of those, who in the name of equal, impartial, and universal liberty, laid the foundation stones. Document 7 Source: Military Reconstruction](https://d2lvgg3v3hfg70.cloudfront.net/TB4407/11ea2a30_0158_e04b_bce1_a9ac6f1387d2_TB4407_00.jpg)
Document 6
Source: Hon. Robert B. Elliott, South Carolina, speech given to House of Representatives, January 6, 1874
…The results of war, as seen in reconstruction, have settled forever the political status of my race. The passage of this bill will determine the civil status, not only of the negro, but of any other class of citizens who may feel themselves discriminated against. It will form the cap-stone of that temple of liberty, begun on this continent under discouraging circumstances,…and the highest hopes of those, who in the name of equal, impartial, and universal liberty, laid the foundation stones.
Document 7
Source: Military Reconstruction![Directions:These questions are based on the accompanying documents.The documents have been edited for the purpose of this exercise. In your response you should do the following: •State a relevant thesis that directly addresses all parts of the question. •Support the thesis or a relevant argument with evidence from all,or all but one,of the documents. •Incorporate analysis of all,or all but one,of the documents into your argument. •Focus your analysis of each document on at least one of the following: intended audience,purpose,historical context,and/or point of view. •Support your argument with analysis of historical examples outside the documents. •Connect historical phenomena relevant to your argument to broader events or processes. •Synthesize the elements above into a persuasive essay that extends your argument,connects it to a different historical context,or accounts for contradictory evidence on the topic. -Evaluate to what extent Reconstruction was a failure for the newly emancipated blacks in the period from 1865 to 1877. Document 1 Source: Walter Fleming, Documentary History of Reconstruction, 1907 Let there be White Leagues formed in every town, village, and hamlet of the South, and let us organize for the great struggle which seems inevitable. If the October elections which are to be held at the North are favorable to radicals, the time will have arrived for us to prepare for the very worst. The radicalism of the Republican Party must be met by the radicalism of white men. We have no war to make against the United States Government, but against the Republican Party our hate must be unquenchable, our war interminable [endless] and merciless. By brute force they are endeavoring to force us into acquiescence [agreement] to their hideous programme. We have submitted long enough, and it is time to meet brute-force with brute-force. Every Southern State should swarm with White Leagues, and we should stand ready to act the moment Grant signs the civil-rights bill. It will not do to wait till radicalism has fettered us to the car of social equality before we make an effort to resist it. The signing of the bill will be a declaration of war against the southern whites. It is our duty to ourselves, it is our duty to our children, it is our duty to the white race…to take the gage of battle the moment it is thrown down. …It is time for use to organize. We have been temporizing [waiting to act] long enough. Let northern radicals understand that military supervision of southern elections and the civil-rights bill mean war; that war means bloodshed…. Document 2 Source: Sharecropping Contract, 1866 …We furthermore bind ourselves that we will obey the orders of said Ross in all things in carrying out and managing said crop for said year and be docked for disobedience. All is responsible for all farming utensils that is on hand or may be placed in care of said Freedmen for the year 1866 to said Ross and are also responsible to said Ross if we carelessly, maliciously maltreat any of his stock for said year to said Ross for damages to be assessed out of our wages for said year… Document 3 Source: Marshall Harvey Twitchell, Carpetbagger from Vermont: The Autobiography of Marshall Harvey Twitchell, 1989 ...It was one of the complaints of Southern Democrats that Northern men settled in the South did not identify themselves sufficiently with the interests of the country, many of them unmarried and leasing lands, with no business except politics and governing of the country by the manipulation of the colored vote. I had married a daughter of one of the influential Southern aristocratic families, who all became my friends and supporters. In addition to this, my entire family, with wives and children and all the property which they possessed, had moved South and were engaged in building up the country. Document 4 Source: Enforcement Act of 1870 (formally, An Act to enforce the Right of Citizens of the United States to vote in the several States of this Union, and for other Purposes ), 41st Congress, enacted May 31, 1870, effective 1871 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That all citizens of the United States who are or shall be otherwise qualified by law to vote at any election by the people in any State, Territory, district, county, city, parish, township, school district, municipality, or other territorial subdivision, shall be entitled and allowed to vote at all such elections, without distinction of race, color, or previous condition of servitude; any constitution, law, custom, usage, or regulation of any State or Territory, or by or under its authority, to the contrary notwithstanding. ... shall, on conviction thereof, be fined not less than five hundred dollars, or be imprisoned not less than one month and not more than one year, or both, at the discretion of the court. Document 6 Source: Hon. Robert B. Elliott, South Carolina, speech given to House of Representatives, January 6, 1874 …The results of war, as seen in reconstruction, have settled forever the political status of my race. The passage of this bill will determine the civil status, not only of the negro, but of any other class of citizens who may feel themselves discriminated against. It will form the cap-stone of that temple of liberty, begun on this continent under discouraging circumstances,…and the highest hopes of those, who in the name of equal, impartial, and universal liberty, laid the foundation stones. Document 7 Source: Military Reconstruction](https://d2lvgg3v3hfg70.cloudfront.net/TB4407/11ea2a30_0159_075d_bce1_9d48159120b7_TB4407_00.jpg)
Definitions:
Labor Price Variance
This is the difference between the actual cost of labor and the standard cost, indicating how much more or less was paid for labor than expected.
Direct Labor Cost
This refers to the wages and benefits paid for the hours that workers directly spend on manufacturing a product or performing services.
Produced
The process of creating goods or services through the combination of labor, capital, and materials, or the outcome of such a process.
Labor Quantity Variance
This term measures the difference between the actual quantity of labor used and the expected (or standard) amount, multiplied by the standard labor rate, often used in cost accounting.
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