The Following Questions Refer to the Excerpt Below

question 14

Multiple Choice

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"…You should support him,not because he is a negro gentleman,but because his record is consistent.For years he has been the only Republican Senator from the Southern section where the party has lost control,and hundreds of thousands of citizens are on the verge of disfranchisement who occupies his place without question,and that his official conduct is without reproach,and approved by all parties,while his political vote has been invariably cast with the Republican party is a fact….The nomination of Mr Bruce would culminate the idea of Horace Greely,of Thaddeus Stevens,of Abraham Lincoln,of Chas Sumner,of Ulysses Grant,of Jas G.Blaine,of Jno Sherman,and indeed of the great Republican party and relieve the nation at once of the question of caste in American politics.Horace Greely said of the finance the way to "resume is to resume" and the party should understand that the way to execute the constitution and the laws is to show determination to execute them."
Circular Letter by J.Milton Turner to Republican delegates at the National Convention to nominate a Presidential candidate,May 20,1880
-Which of the following later historical developments was driven by similar logic to the argument presented here?

• A) The opposition to attempts by conservatives to dismantle parts of the social safety net
• B) The support for American intervention to bring stability to other nations
• C) The growth of civil rights policies in response to activism of the 1950s and 1960s
• D) The expansion of Progressive political reforms

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Definitions:

Positive Reinforcement

A process in psychology that involves increasing the likelihood of a behavior by following it with a desirable consequence or reward.

Negative Reinforcement

A process in behavioral psychology where the removal of an unpleasant stimulus strengthens or increases the probability of a response.

Conditioned Taste Aversion

The learned avoidance of a certain food or drink because it has been associated with an unpleasant or aversive experience.

Higher-Order Conditioning

A form of conditioning where a stimulus is paired with a previously conditioned stimulus, leading to a response even without the presence of the original, unconditioned stimulus.