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The Following Questions Refer to the Excerpt Below

question 8

Multiple Choice

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"…You should support him,not because he is a negro gentleman,but because his record is consistent.For years he has been the only Republican Senator from the Southern section where the party has lost control,and hundreds of thousands of citizens are on the verge of disfranchisement who occupies his place without question,and that his official conduct is without reproach,and approved by all parties,while his political vote has been invariably cast with the Republican party is a fact….The nomination of Mr Bruce would culminate the idea of Horace Greely,of Thaddeus Stevens,of Abraham Lincoln,of Chas Sumner,of Ulysses Grant,of Jas G.Blaine,of Jno Sherman,and indeed of the great Republican party and relieve the nation at once of the question of caste in American politics.Horace Greely said of the finance the way to "resume is to resume" and the party should understand that the way to execute the constitution and the laws is to show determination to execute them."
Circular Letter by J.Milton Turner to Republican delegates at the National Convention to nominate a Presidential candidate,May 20,1880
-Which of the following severely limited the political progress of individuals like the Republican Senator mentioned in the passage?

Definitions:

Standardized Product

Goods or services produced to a uniform specification that ensures consistency and quality across units, often facilitating mass production and distribution.

Merging

The process of combining two or more companies into a single entity, often to enhance competitive standing or expand market reach.

Tariff Barrier

Taxes imposed on imported goods and services to restrict imports, protect domestic industries, or raise government revenue.

Licensing Agreement

A legal contract by which a rights holder permits another party to use a property, such as intellectual property or technology, under specified conditions.