DOCUMENT BASED
DBQ Directions
Directions: These Questions Are Based $\quad$

question 29

Essay

DOCUMENT BASED
DBQ Directions
Directions: These questions are based on the accompanying documents.The documents have been edited for the purpose of this exercise.
In your response you should do the following:
•State a relevant thesis that directly addresses all parts of the question.
•Support the thesis or a relevant argument with evidence from all,or all but one,of the documents.
•Incorporate analysis of all,or all but one,of the documents into your argument.
•Focus your analysis of each document on at least one of the following: intended audience,purpose,historical context,and/or point of view.
•Support your argument with analysis of historical examples outside the documents.
•Connect historical phenomena relevant to your argument to broader events or processes.
•Synthesize the elements above into a persuasive essay that extends your argument,connects it to a different historical context,or accounts for contradictory evidence on the topic.
-Analyze the motivations of the United States in its foreign-policy decisions in the period from 1898 to 1908.To what extent did the nation build consensus for its actions?
Document 1
Source: Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1890
The government by its policy can favor the natural growth of a people's industries and its tendencies to seek adventure and gain by way of the sea…
Colonies attached to the mother-country afford, therefore, the surest means of supporting abroad the sea power of a country… Such colonies the United States has not… Having therefore no foreign establishments, either colonial or military, the ships of war of the United States, in war, will be like land birds, unable to fly far from their own shores. To provide resting-places for them, where they can coal and repair, would be one of the first duties of a government proposing to itself the development of the power of the nation.
Document 2
Source: William M. Springer, “The Hawaiian Situation: Our Present Duty,” North American Review, December 1893
Whether the government of Hawaii is a good government or a just government is a matter for the people of that island to determine for themselves. There is no divine right of republicanism in this world, any more than there is a divine right of kings. The divinity in all these matters is in the right of the people to govern themselves... The so-called provisional government did not emanate from [the people of Hawaii], and does not have their sanction. It is a usurpation, which could not have had any de facto existence, to say nothing of a rightful existence, except for the presence of the overpowering armed forces of the United States… We must restore to the queen her own armed forces and we must disarm the forces of the provisional government which were armed and equipped by the aid and under the protection of our navies. Anything short of this is a mockery of justice, a disgrace to our diplomacy, is unworthy of a Christian nation, and a travesty upon our devotion to the principles of local self-government.
Documents 3
Source: Treaty of Paris, 1898
$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ Article I.
Spain relinquishes all clain of sovereignty over and title to Cuba
$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ Article II.
Spain cedes to the Urited States the island of Porto Rico... and the island af Guam..
$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$$\quad$ Article III.
Spain cedes to the United States the archipelago known as the Philippine Islands...The United States will pay to Spain the sum of twenty million dollars ($20,000,000) within three months after the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty.
Document 4
Source: Statement attributed to President William McKinley, describing to a church delegation the decision to acquire the Philippines, 1899

When next I realized that the Philippines had dropped into our laps, I confess I did not know what to do with them… I walked the floor of the White House night after night until midnight; …I went down on my knees and prayed to Almighty God for light and guidance… And one night late it came to me:

…(1) That we could not give them back to Spain-that would be cowardly and dishonorable;
(2) That we could not turn them over to France or Germany, our commercial rivals in the Orient-that would be bad business and discreditable;
(3) That we could not leave them to themselves-they were unfit for self-government, and they would soon have anarchy and misrule worse than Spain's was; and
(4) That there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them and by God's grace do the very best we could by them, as our fellow men for whom Christ also died.
Document 5
Source: Andrew Carnegie, “Americanism v. Imperialism,” The North American Review, March 1899

There remains today, as the one vital element of imperialism, the contention that Providence has opened of the American people a new and larger destiny, which imposes heavy burdens indeed upon them, but from which they cannot shrink without evading holy duty; that it has become their sacred task to undertake the civilization of a backward people committed to their charge… These potent cries which brought us to the drawing of the sword for oppressed Cuba are now calling us to a more difficult task, and hence to a greater “duty.”…Imperialism can become a “holy duty” only if we can by forcible interference confer blessings upon the subject races, otherwise it remains what the President once said it was, “criminal aggression.” … Has the influence of the superior race upon the inferior ever proved beneficial to either? I know of no case in which it has been or is.
Document 6
Source: John Hay to Andrew D. White, U.S. Department of State, 1899

Earnestly desirous to remove any cause of irritation and to insure at the same time to the commerce of all nations in China the undoubted benefits which should accrue from a formal recognition by the various powers claiming "spheres of interest" that they shall enjoy perfect equality of treatment for their commerce and navigation within such "spheres," the Government of the United States would be pleased to see His German Majesty's Government give formal assurances, and lend its cooperation in securing like assurances from the other interested powers, that each, within its respective sphere of whatever influence—… That the Chinese treaty tariff of the time being shall apply to all merchandise landed or shipped to all such ports…no matter to what nationality it may belong, and that duties so leviable shall be collected by the Chinese Government….[and] That it will levy no higher harbor dues on vessels of another nationality frequenting any port in such "sphere" than shall be levied on vessels of its own nationality.

The Granger Collection, NYC

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Definitions:

Mass Spectrum

A graph or chart that displays the distribution of ions by mass in a sample, providing information about the molecular weight and structure of compounds.

Cyclopentanol

A cyclic alcohol with the formula C5H9OH, characterized by a five-membered ring structure with an attached hydroxyl group.

Peak

The highest point or maximum value of a graph, often used in reference to spectra in analytical chemistry indicating a specific property.

C=C Stretching Frequency

Refers to the frequency at which the carbon-carbon double bonds in a molecule vibrate, typically observed in infrared spectroscopy.