Which of the Following Is Considered Research and Development Costs

question 21

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is considered research and development costs?

• A) Laboratory research aimed at discovery of new knowledge.
• B) Application of research findings or other knowledge to a plan or design for a new product or process.
• C) Conceptual formulation and design of possible product or process alternatives.
• D) all of the above.

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Definitions:

Marginal Benefit

The enhanced pleasure or value a person gains upon consuming one more unit of a particular good or service.

Emissions Tax

A tax imposed on companies for the pollution they produce, intended to motivate them to reduce pollutants and adopt cleaner processes.

Pollution Emissions

Refers to the release of pollutants into the environment, which can come from various sources such as factories, vehicles, and agriculture.

Tradable Pollution Permits

Government-issued allowances that give the holder the right to emit a specific amount of pollutants; these permits can be bought and sold, creating a market for pollution control.