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Preferred stock typically has a par value, and the dividend is often stated as a percentage of par.The par value is also important in the event of liquidation, as the preferred stockholders are generally entitled to receive the par value before anything is given to the common stockholders.
Perfectly Competitive
A market structure characterized by many sellers and buyers, homogeneous products, free entry and exit, and perfect information, leading to an optimal distribution of resources.
Conditions
Various factors or circumstances that affect the operation of a market or the outcome of an economic model.
External Economies
Benefits that arise from a firm's actions but are enjoyed by other parties or firms without compensation, typically leading to an under-provision of a good or service.
Production Costs
Expenses incurred in the process of creating a product or service, including materials, labor, and overhead.
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