Interest Rates Are Important in Finance, and It Is Important

question 73

Multiple Choice

Interest rates are important in finance, and it is important for all students to understand the basics of how they are determined. However, the chapter really has two aspects that become clear when we try to write test questions and problems for the chapter. First, the material on the fundamental determinants of interest rates: the real risk-free rate plus a set of premiums: is logical and intuitive, and easy in a testing sense. However, the second set of material, that dealing with the yield curve and the relationship between 1-year rates and longer-term rates, is more mathematical and less intuitive, and test questions dealing with it tend to be more difficult, especially for students who are not good at math.
As a result, problems on the chapter tend to be either relatively easy or relatively difficult, with the difficult ones being as much exercises in algebra as in finance. In the test bank for prior editions, we tended to use primarily difficult problems that addressed the problem of forecasting forward rates based on yield curve data. In this edition, we leaned more toward easy problems that address intuitive aspects of interest rate theory.
We should note one issue that can be confusing if it is not handled carefully: the use of arithmetic versus geometric averages when bringing inflation into interest rate determination in yield curve related problems. It is easy to explain why a 2-year rate is an average of two 1-year rates, and it is logical to use a compounding process that is essentially a geometric average that includes the effects of cross-product terms. It is also easy to explain that average inflation rates should be calculated as geometric averages. However, when we combine inflation with interest rates, rather than using the formulation r_RF = [(1 + r*) (1 + IP) ]^0.5 - 1, almost everyone, from Federal Reserve officials down to textbook authors, uses the approximation r_RF = r* + IP. Understandably, this can confuse students when they start working problems. In both the text and test bank problems we make it clear to students which procedure to use.
Quite a few of the problems are based on this basic equation: r = r* + IP + MRP + DRP + LP. We tell our students to keep this equation in mind, and that they will have to do some transposing of terms to solve some of the problems.
The other key equation used in the problems is the one for finding the 1-year forward rate, given the current 1-year and 2-year rates: (1 + 2-year rate) ² = (1 + 1-year rate) (1 + X) , which converts to X = (1 + 2yr) ²/(1 + 1yr) - 1, where X is the 1-year forward rate. This equation, which is used in a number of problems, assumes that the pure expectations theory is correct and thus the maturity risk premium is zero.
​
​
-Suppose the real risk-free rate is 3.50% and the future rate of inflation is expected to be constant at 2.20%.What rate of return would you expect on a 1-year Treasury security,assuming the pure expectations theory is valid? Disregard cross-product terms,i.e.,if averaging is required,use the arithmetic average.

• A)5.14%
• B)5.42%
• C)5.70%
• D)5.99%
• E)6.28%

---

Definitions:

Principal-Agent Problem

A dilemma in relationships when one party (the agent) is expected to act in the best interest of another (the principal), but has the potential to act in their own self-interest instead.

Stockholders

Individuals or entities that own shares in a corporation, giving them partial ownership and possibly dividends based on the company's performance.

Profit Maximization

A process or strategy used by businesses to achieve the highest possible profit, considering revenue and costs.

Shirking

The behavior of avoiding work or responsibilities, often seen in employment contexts where workers may not perform their duties optimally.