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If I buy 3 cups of coffee, paying $1 for each cup, and I would have been willing to pay up to $3 for the first cup, up to $2 for the second cup, and up to $1 for the third cup, then my consumer surplus is:
Hawthorne Effect
The phenomenon where subjects alter their behavior simply because they are aware that they are being observed.
Random Errors
Errors in measurement that lead to inconsistent results, often caused by unpredictable and uncontrollable factors.
Randomized Controlled Trials
A study design that randomly assigns participants into an experimental group or a control group to measure the effect of an intervention.
Face Validity
The degree to which an assessment or test appears to measure what it is intended to measure, based on subjective judgment.
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