Indicate whether the following actions would +) increase, -) decrease, or 0) not affect a company's total assets, liabilities, and stockholders' equity. 
Definitions:
P-value
The likelihood of seeing a test statistic as extreme or more extreme than the one measured, assuming the null hypothesis holds.
Bootstrap Distribution
A data-driven simulation method for estimating the sampling distribution of an estimator by resampling with replacement from the original data.
Small Sample
A subset of a population used in statistical analysis that is considered to be too small to reliably indicate properties of the population.
Permutation Test
A type of non-parametric statistical significance test that involves rearranging the observations among the groups and calculating the difference in outcomes under various permutations.
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