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Assume a company has a cafeteria where it lets all its workers eat without making them pay up front. Instead, at the end of the month the total cost of eating at the company cafeteria is added up and divided by the total number of workers. This amount is then deducted from each worker's paycheck. Explain how this practice may lead to a negative externality.
Market-to-Book Ratio
A financial ratio that compares a company's market value (price of its stock) to its book value (total assets minus liabilities), used to evaluate whether a stock is under or overvalued.
Price-to-Sales Ratio
A valuation ratio comparing a company's stock price to its revenues, used to evaluate the company's size and growth potential.
Industry Life Cycle
The progression through various stages of business growth and decline that an industry experiences, typically including introduction, growth, maturity, and decline stages.
Market Capitalization Rate
A valuation metric that calculates the expected rate of return on an investment in a stock, determined by dividing the company's dividend by the current market price of the stock plus any change in the stock price.
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