An Infant Is Experiencing Dyspnea Related to Patent Ductus Arteriosus

question 7

Multiple Choice

An infant is experiencing dyspnea related to patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) .The nurse understands dyspnea occurs because blood is:

• A) circulated through the lungs again, causing pulmonary circulatory congestion.
• B) shunted past the pulmonary circulation, causing pulmonary hypoxia.
• C) shunted past cardiac arteries, causing myocardial hypoxia.
• D) circulated through the ductus from the pulmonary artery to the aorta, bypassing the left side of the heart.

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Definitions:

Puberty

The phase in human development during which adolescents undergo physical and hormonal changes that lead to sexual maturity.

Fixation

A persistent focus of the id’s pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier stage of psychosexual development, leading to unbalanced personality and behaviors.

Oral Stage

The first stage in Freud's psychosexual development, occurring in the first year of life, where pleasure is focused on the mouth area through activities such as sucking and biting.

Habitual Gum Chewing

The regular practice of chewing gum, often considered a repetitive or automatic behaviour that can influence oral health and stress levels.