The following information regarding a dependent variable y and an independent variable x is provided: 
The mean square error (MSE) is
Definitions:
Independent Variables
Factors in an experiment that are deliberately altered to test their impact on the variables being measured.
Manipulating Variables
The process of changing one or more variables in an experiment to observe the effects on other variables.
Double-Blind Procedure
A research method used to prevent bias, where neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment.
Brand Effectiveness
Refers to the impact a brand has on its audience, including how well it achieves its marketing objectives and resonates with its target demographic.
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