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The figure shows a surface, S, with two charges q and -2q. The net flux through the surface is
Total Willingness to Pay
The maximum amount an individual or group is willing to pay for a good or service, reflecting the total value they derive from it.
Public Goods
Goods that are non-excludable and non-rivalrous, meaning they can be used by everyone and one person's use does not reduce availability to others, examples include public parks and national defense.
Nonrival Consumption
A characteristic of certain goods where the consumption by one individual does not reduce availability to others, typical of public goods.
Nonexcludable
A characteristic of a good or service that does not allow the provider to prevent its use by individuals who have not paid for it.
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