Are Statistical Errors That Are Due to the Sample Not

question 45

Multiple Choice

are statistical errors that are due to the sample not representing the target population adequately.

• A) Parallax errors
• B) Sampling errors
• C) Nonsampling errors
• D) Quantization errors

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Definitions:

Innately Satisfying Stimuli

Stimuli that inherently provide pleasure or satisfaction without the need for learning or prior experience.

Primary Reinforcers

Innate or biologically based stimuli, such as food and water, that satisfy basic survival needs and are inherently rewarding.

Primary Reinforcers

Innately satisfying stimuli that fulfill basic survival needs, such as food and water, and are therefore naturally effective in reinforcing behaviors.

Negative Reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing aversive stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: Negative reinforcement is not punishment.)