Define each of the symbols and explain the meaning of M 
V = P 
Y.
Definitions:
Values Expected
The anticipated or predicted outcomes based on specific conditions or data.
Chi-Square Test
A statistical test used to determine the likelihood of observed frequencies in a categorical dataset differing by chance from expected frequencies.
Nominal and Ordinal
Pertaining to the types of data measurement scales; nominal scale categorizes data without a numerical order, while ordinal scale organizes data in a specific, ranked order.
Communication Research
The study of how people use messages to generate meanings within and across various contexts, channels, and media.
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