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In a perfectly competitive market, the process of entry and exit will end when
(i) accounting profits are zero.
(ii) economic profits are zero.
(iii) price equals minimum marginal cost.
(iv) price equals minimum average total cost.
Vertical
Relating to a structure or position that is straight up and down, in alignment with the direction of gravity.
Horizontal Restraint
involves agreements among competitors operating at the same level of the market or supply chain to limit competition or manipulate market conditions.
Trade
The exchange of goods, services, or both between two or more parties, either within a country or internationally.
Price Fixing
An illegal practice where competing companies agree on selling prices of their products or services, rather than allowing market forces to set them.
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