A shift from S1 to S2 reflects the change that happens when a negative externality is taken into account. A shift from D1 to D2 reflects the change that happens when a positive externality is taken into account.
-Refer to the above figures. A negative externality exists that has not been corrected. Price and quantity will be
Definitions:
Portfolio Variance
A measurement of the dispersion of returns of a portfolio, indicating the degree of investment risk.
Risky Securities
Financial instruments that carry a higher degree of uncertainty and a higher risk of loss, such as stocks.
Weighted Sum
A calculation that takes various quantities into account, multiplying each by a factor that reflects its importance and then adding these products together.
Variances
Statistical measures of the dispersion or spread in a set of data points, often used to assess the volatility of investment returns.
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