Refer to the Following Paragraph to Answer the Questions Below

question 23

Multiple Choice

Refer to the following paragraph to answer the questions below.
Joyce James tested whether the "military effort of modern industrial nations" is caused by the "electoral success by the right-wing parties" or the "popularity of nationalist beliefs" in a society. She tested the theory by looking at data on 22 large industrial nations during 1969-1999. She measured military effort as the "share of the gross national product" for military e.g. weapons, training, stationing troops) , right-wing party success by the percent of votes going to right-wing political parties in both national and local elections, and nationalist beliefs by attitude data from each nation. Data for the share of the gross national product came from the International Labor Organization, data for right-wing party power and nationalist attitudes came from previous studies by other researchers.
-When making statements of causality, one has to be careful of not making the error of ecological fallacy. Ecological fallacy is

• A) an error in explanation in which associations among large-scale units countries, etc.) are used to explain associations among small-scale units individuals, etc.).
• B) interpretations made by researchers that explain causations from a ecological/biological perspective.
• C) when two variables are associated but are not causally related because a third factor is the actual cause of the association.
• D) an error in explanation in which associations among small-scale units individuals, etc.) are used to explain associations among large-scale units countries, etc.).

---

Definitions:

Financial Information

Data pertaining to the monetary transactions, assets, liabilities, and overall financial health of an entity.

Debt-to-Equity Ratio

A financial ratio indicating the relative proportion of shareholders' equity and debt used to finance a company's assets.

Financial Information

Data concerning the financial status and performance of an individual or organization, including income, expenses, and assets.

Financial Statement Analysis

The process of examining a company's financial statements to assess its performance, health, and value, typically including ratio analysis and comparison to industry benchmarks.