Refer to the Following Paragraph to Answer the Questions Below

question 9

Multiple Choice

Refer to the following paragraph to answer the questions below.
Joyce James tested whether the "military effort of modern industrial nations" is caused by the "electoral success by the right-wing parties" or the "popularity of nationalist beliefs" in a society. She tested the theory by looking at data on 22 large industrial nations during 1969-1999. She measured military effort as the "share of the gross national product" for military e.g. weapons, training, stationing troops) , right-wing party success by the percent of votes going to right-wing political parties in both national and local elections, and nationalist beliefs by attitude data from each nation. Data for the share of the gross national product came from the International Labor Organization, data for right-wing party power and nationalist attitudes came from previous studies by other researchers.
-Teleology is an error of causal explanation. It states that

• A) the causal relationship is untestable because the independent variable cannot be empirically measured.
• B) the causal relationship should not be supported because an unmeasured variable is the true cause of the dependent variable.
• C) the causal relationship does not exist due to the lack of supporting evidence.
• D) the causal relationship is testable because the independent variable and the dependent variable are the same.

---

Definitions:

Margin

The difference between the selling price of a product or service and the cost associated with producing it, usually expressed as a percentage of sales.

Marginal Subcontracting Cost

The additional cost incurred for each unit of production outsourced to a third party, rather than produced in-house.

Layoff Cost

The financial impact associated with reducing a company's workforce, including severance pay, unemployment benefits, and potential legal costs.

Hiring And Training Cost

Expenses associated with recruiting new employees and providing them with the necessary training to perform their job.