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All four rings systems lie within their planet's .
Sample Proportion
The ratio of members within a sample that possess a particular trait or characteristic, relative to the total sample size.
Null Hypothesis
The hypothesis that predicts no interaction or association between variables, serving as the benchmark for statistical testing.
Null Hypothesis
The hypothesis that there is no effect or no difference, and any observed deviation from this is due to sampling or experimental error.
Level of Significance
A threshold used in hypothesis testing to determine if a result is statistically significant, often represented by the alpha (α) level.
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