"Regression Artifact" Refers to the Mathematical Fact That

question 59

Multiple Choice

"Regression artifact" refers to the mathematical fact that

• A) people who score above average on pretests tend to have lower scores on posttests, and those who score below average on pretests tend to increase their scores on posttests.
• B) any participant's score on a pretest can be expected to be lower on a posttest, because of the "law of averages."
• C) participants who have extreme scores, high or low, on a pretest tend to have posttest scores that are even more extreme.
• D) posttests are often unnecessary, since they tend to give, on average, the same results as those obtained on pretests.

Understand the concept of transactional leadership and its implications.

Know the qualities and principles of servant leadership.

Identify the significance of participative leadership and its effects on organizational performance.

Understand the behavioral leadership approach, including the findings of the Ohio State and Michigan studies.

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Definitions:

Gender Bias

The tendency to favor one gender over another, often leading to unfair treatment or assumptions.

Experimenter Bias

A process where the scientists performing the research influence the results, in order to portray a certain outcome.

Placebo Effect

A phenomenon in which a person experiences a perceived improvement in their condition due to the expectation of treatment, rather than the treatment itself.

Random Selection

A method used in research to randomly choose participants for a study, ensuring that every individual in a population has an equal chance of being chosen, thus increasing the generalizability of the results.