Exhibit 2-3 There Has Been a Recent Increase in the Popularity of Popularity

question 56

Essay

Exhibit 2-3
There has been a recent increase in the popularity of caffeine-containing "energy drinks" or "functional beverages"--substances that are considered to be food that may provide some health benefit. However, caffeine in these drinks presents an important health concern, especially for women of childbearing age. Studies have shown an increased risk of spontaneous abortion and low birth weight children to women consuming more than 150 mg/day of caffeine. In a recent study, eighteen 12-oz servings of different brands of carbonated sodas were analyzed to ascertain their caffeine content, with the results presented below. The data are in mg/12-oz serving; if no caffeine was detected, this is reported as "* mg/serving."
Caffeine (mg) in 12 oz servings of Carbonated Sodas

-Refer to Exhibit 2-3.
a)Construct a comparative (back to back) stem & leaf plot for the container vs. fountain amounts of caffeine. (Do not use the data for carbonated sodas where caffeine was not detected.) Describe how the two distributions compare.
(b)What do you think might explain the differences between the two distributions?

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Definitions:

Ohio State Studies

A series of studies that identified two critical dimensions of leadership behavior: consideration (focusing on the welfare of followers) and initiating structure (organizing work and defining role responsibilities).

Initiating Structure

The aspect of leadership concerned with setting up clear guidelines, structures, and standards of performance for tasks.

Consideration

A leadership behavior characterized by showing concern and respect for followers, attending to their needs, and creating a supportive environment.

Distinct And Independent

Refers to two or more items or concepts that are clearly different from each other and operate or exist separately.