Children as Young as 2 Years of Age, Upon Seeing

question 14

Essay

Children as young as 2 years of age, upon seeing an object placed under a pillow in a familiar setting at home, will understand to look for it after an interval of time and be able to find it. Investigators believe this capability will be less pronounced in a laboratory situation, where the child is away from the familiar setting of home. Let p denote the proportion of 2-year-olds than have this understanding in the home situation, and suppose that p = 0.35. The investigators wish to determine whether the proportion that remembers is less when the child is away from home.
a)What is the appropriate null hypothesis?
b)What is the appropriate alternative hypothesis?
c)In your own words, distinguish between a Type I and a Type II error in this context.

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Definitions:

Systematic Desensitization

A therapeutic technique used to help individuals overcome phobias and anxiety, involving gradual exposure to the feared object or situation.

Phobia Development

The process through which an irrational and intense fear of a specific object, scenario, or activity is formed, often resulting from a negative experience or predisposition.

Watson's Hypothesis

A theory suggesting that all human behaviors can be conditioned, put forward by John B. Watson, a pioneer in behaviorism.

Lever Pressing

An action typically used in psychological experiments as a measure of learning or behavior, often involving animals pressing a lever to receive a reward.