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Which of the following characterized Ottoman expansion into North Africa and the Middle East in the sixteenth century?
Expectancies
What someone expects to happen, based on past experiences of what was rewarding.
Rewards
Benefits or positive feedback received as a result of an action, which serve as reinforcement for that behavior.
Punishment
The imposition of an undesirable or unpleasant outcome upon a group or individual, in response to a behavior deemed unacceptable or unsatisfactory.
Unconditioned Stimulus
A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any prior learning.
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